{"id":7002,"date":"2013-04-22T11:00:59","date_gmt":"2013-04-22T10:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/?p=7002"},"modified":"2013-04-22T11:00:59","modified_gmt":"2013-04-22T10:00:59","slug":"lorigine-medievale-de-lhyperlien-des-pointeurs-et-des-smileys-frederic-kaplan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/2013\/04\/22\/lorigine-medievale-de-lhyperlien-des-pointeurs-et-des-smileys-frederic-kaplan\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019origine m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de l\u2019hyperlien, des pointeurs et des smileys | Frederic Kaplan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par Frederic Kaplan dans une vitrine holographique pour l\u2019exposition \u00ab\u2009Le lecteur \u00e0 l\u2019oeuvre\u2009\u00bb, le manuscrit<\/b>\u00a0est une copie du XIVe si\u00e8cle produite \u00e0 Bologne d\u2019un texte juridique de l\u2019empereur byzantin Justinien Ier.<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u2019empereur Justinien a op\u00e9r\u00e9 au VIe si\u00e8cle un grand travail de r\u00e9organisation l\u00e9gislative.\u00a0Au fil des si\u00e8cles, les diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9gimes avaient complexifi\u00e9\u00a0le droit romain primitif.\u00a0Les juristes du Justinien ont proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 une simplification, une modernisation et une uniformisation du\u00a0code juridique de l\u2019empire. Ce nouveau code a subsist\u00e9 pendant de nombreux si\u00e8cles\u00a0comme base du droit. La page, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par Frederic Kaplan, se pr\u00e9sente sous la forme d\u2019une mise en page complexe, comportant de multiples blocs de textes. Le texte juridique de Justinien est au centre de la page, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en deux colonnes.\u00a0Le texte est accompagn\u00e9 de lettrines, mais surtout plusieurs signes qui, dans les marges, viennent aider la lecture.<\/p>\n

\"Manucule\"<\/p>\n

En marge de la premi\u00e8re colonne, une petite main, ou manicule, a \u00e9t\u00e9 dessin\u00e9e pour souligner un passage important.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sur cette page,<\/p>\n

pointeurs, smileys et hyperliens sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re pr\u00e9sents dans les manuscrits du XIVe si\u00e8cle. Ils correspondent \u00e0 des usages conventionnels que les technologie de l\u2019impression d\u2019abord, puis de l\u2019informatique viendront m\u00e9caniser et standardiser. Ce processus de r\u00e9gularisation des repr\u00e9sentations r\u00e9gul\u00e9es que Pascal Robert d\u00e9crit dans son livre Mnemotechnologies (Robert 2010) et dont j\u2019ai discut\u00e9 les principes dans un article r\u00e9cent, How books will become machines (Kaplan 2012) donne un cadre pour penser cette \u00e9volution. Des formes conventionnelles sont d\u2019abord m\u00e9canis\u00e9es dans leur production (caract\u00e8re typographique rempla\u00e7ant les manicules manuelles) puis dans leur usage (syst\u00e8me d\u2019hyperliens \u00e0 la base du web plus puissant, mais aussi plus contraint).<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Pointeurs<\/p>\n

L\u2019anc\u00eatre des pointeurs utilis\u00e9s dans les interfaces informatiques?<\/span><\/p>\n

Une histoire fascinante \u00e0 lire en entier :\u00a0L\u2019origine m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de l\u2019hyperlien, des pointeurs et des smileys | Frederic Kaplan<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par Frederic Kaplan dans une vitrine holographique pour l\u2019exposition \u00ab\u2009Le lecteur \u00e0 l\u2019oeuvre\u2009\u00bb, le manuscrit\u00a0est une copie du XIVe si\u00e8cle produite \u00e0 Bologne d\u2019un texte juridique de l\u2019empereur byzantin Justinien Ier. L\u2019empereur Justinien a op\u00e9r\u00e9 au VIe si\u00e8cle un grand travail de r\u00e9organisation l\u00e9gislative.\u00a0Au fil des si\u00e8cles, les diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9gimes avaient complexifi\u00e9\u00a0le droit romain […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14291,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"fullscreen","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7002","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-histoire-2","8":"entry"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/manucule.jpg?resize=300%2C251&ssl=1","featured_image_src_square":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/manucule.jpg?resize=300%2C251&ssl=1","author_info":{"display_name":"Lyonel Kaufmann","author_link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/author\/lyonelk\/"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/manucule.jpg?fit=300%2C251&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1qtF4-1OW","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":405,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/2008\/09\/25\/une-traversee-photographique-du-vingtieme-siecle-exposition\/","url_meta":{"origin":7002,"position":0},"title":"Une travers\u00e9e photographique du vingti\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. (Exposition)","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"25 septembre 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Dans le prolongement de notre journ\u00e9e image de ce mardi organis\u00e9e \u00e0 la HEP-VD, celles et ceux qui auront la chance de passer par Paris entre le 21 octobre et le 20 d\u00e9cembre 2008 pourront se rendre \u00e0 l'exposition organis\u00e9e par le Mus\u00e9e d\u2019histoire contemporaine et la Biblioth\u00e8que de Documentation\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans "histoire"","block_context":{"text":"histoire","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/category\/histoire-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1358,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/2009\/06\/23\/un-siecle-de-nouvelles-en-un-clic\/","url_meta":{"origin":7002,"position":1},"title":"Un si\u00e8cle de nouvelles en un clic","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"23 juin 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/ The British Library a mis en ligne deux millions de pages num\u00e9ris\u00e9es de journaux du 19e si\u00e8cle. Ces pages sont mises \u00e0 disposition en ligne. Il est possible de faire des recherches en ligne et certains articles sont en libre-consultation. Pour d'autres il faut payer pour les consulter int\u00e9gralement.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans "histoire"","block_context":{"text":"histoire","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/category\/histoire-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/blogcafe1.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":7889,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/Blog\/2013\/12\/20\/7717\/","url_meta":{"origin":7002,"position":2},"title":"Sur trois textes: \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie de l\u2019histoire et Humanit\u00e9s num\u00e9riques | Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Clavert","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"20 d\u00e9cembre 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Trois textes relativement critiques concernant l'histoire \u00e0 l'\u00e8re num\u00e9rique ainsi qu'une r\u00e9flexion : que signifie faire de l'histoire, l'\u00e9crire et la diffuser avec les outils du num\u00e9riques? 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