{"id":14655,"date":"2018-07-23T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-07-23T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/?p=14655"},"modified":"2018-07-22T12:23:33","modified_gmt":"2018-07-22T11:23:33","slug":"margaret-hamilton-la-femme-qui-a-fait-atterrir-lhomme-sur-la-lune","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2018\/07\/23\/margaret-hamilton-la-femme-qui-a-fait-atterrir-lhomme-sur-la-lune\/","title":{"rendered":"Sac de plage : Margaret Hamilton, la femme qui a fait atterrir l\u2019Homme sur la Lune"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>C\u2019est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une femme que l\u2019Homme a pu marcher sur la Lune. Longtemps m\u00e9connue, Margaret Hamilton est \u00e0 l\u2019origine du succ\u00e8s de la mission Apollo 11, mais aussi du d\u00e9veloppement des logiciels informatiques. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Margaret Hamilton, la femme qui a fait atterrir l\u2019Homme sur la Lune\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/geo.dailymotion.com\/player.html?video=x6pgp02&#038;\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; web-share\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Sans elle, \u00a0Neil Amstrong et Buzz Aldrin \u00a0n\u2019auraient sans doute pas march\u00e9 sur la Lune. Son nom est pourtant rest\u00e9 longtemps m\u00e9connu, il a d\u2019ailleurs fallu 47 ans au gouvernement des Etats-Unis pour r\u00e9compenser Margaret Hamilton de ses services&#8230; En aidant \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper les logiciels de la mission Apollo 11, elle a pos\u00e9 les bases de ce que sera l\u2019informatique moderne.<\/p>\n<p>En 2003, 27 ans apr\u00e8s son d\u00e9part de la NASA, l&rsquo;agence spatiale lui remettra enfin un \u00ab\u00a0Exceptionnal Space Act Award\u00a0\u00bb pour l&rsquo;ensemble de ses contributions scientifiques et techniques au programme Apollo. Le Dr Paul Corto, qui l&rsquo;a nomm\u00e9e pour la r\u00e9compense se d\u00e9clare <i>\u00ab\u00a0surpris de d\u00e9couvrir qu&rsquo;elle n&rsquo;avait jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement reconnue pour ses travaux pionniers. Ses concepts de logiciel asynchrone, de programmation des priorit\u00e9s, de tests de bout en bout et de capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9cision humaine, comme l\u2019affichage des priorit\u00e9s, ont pos\u00e9 les bases de la conception de logiciels ultra-fiables\u00a0\u00bb<\/i>. Non seulement Margaret Hamilton a cr\u00e9\u00e9 les fondements de ce qu&rsquo;est l&rsquo;informatique moderne, mais elle est m\u00eame l&rsquo;origine du nom de sa discipline, le \u00ab\u00a0software engineering\u00a0\u00bb, pour \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9nie logiciel\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Quelques ann\u00e9es plus tard, en 2017, elle re\u00e7oit la M\u00e9daille pr\u00e9sidentielle de la libert\u00e9, remise par Barack Obama, la plus haute distinction aux Etats-Unis. Elle sort alors un peu plus de l\u2019ombre. Elle n\u2019\u00e9tait pourtant pas la seule femme, parmi les 400 personnes qui travaillaient sur le logiciel Apollo, comme le rappelait le roman Les Figures de l\u2019ombre, de Margot Lee Shetterly, adapt\u00e9 au cin\u00e9ma en 2016 :<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Les figures de l&#039;ombre - Bande-annonce VF\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/548FlCcem58?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>A lire : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/sciences\/margaret-hamilton-la-femme-qui-a-fait-atterrir-lhomme-sur-la-lune?utm_campaign=digest&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=nuzzel\">Margaret Hamilton, la femme qui a fait atterrir l\u2019Homme sur la Lune<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cr\u00e9dit image : Margaret Hamilton durant le programme Apollo.\u2022 Cr\u00e9dits : NASA<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u2019est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une femme que l\u2019Homme a pu marcher sur la Lune. Longtemps m\u00e9connue, Margaret Hamilton est \u00e0 l\u2019origine du succ\u00e8s de la mission Apollo 11, mais aussi du d\u00e9veloppement des logiciels informatiques. Sans elle, \u00a0Neil Amstrong et Buzz Aldrin \u00a0n\u2019auraient sans doute pas march\u00e9 sur la Lune. Son nom est pourtant rest\u00e9 longtemps [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14654,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_import_markdown_pro_load_document_selector":0,"_import_markdown_pro_submit_text_textarea":"","_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[11,16],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-14655","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nouvelles-de-lhistoire","8":"category-publications","9":"entry"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/55858E26-569C-4E8A-B227-95C5341606A6.c4dfc7254a4e48aabcf1beb15d7a44b4.jpeg?resize=600%2C400&ssl=1","featured_image_src_square":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/55858E26-569C-4E8A-B227-95C5341606A6.c4dfc7254a4e48aabcf1beb15d7a44b4.jpeg?resize=600%2C572&ssl=1","author_info":{"display_name":"Lyonel Kaufmann","author_link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/author\/lyonelk\/"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/55858E26-569C-4E8A-B227-95C5341606A6.c4dfc7254a4e48aabcf1beb15d7a44b4.jpeg?fit=738%2C572&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1rJVM-3On","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":4466,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2011\/01\/16\/lune-des-premieres-remarques-que-lon-peut-faire\/","url_meta":{"origin":14655,"position":0},"title":"Article de 1998\u2026 toujours pertinent.\nPourquoi plus de dix ans de retard pour l&#8217;informatique \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9cole&#160;? &#8211; Framablog","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"16 janvier 2011","format":"quote","excerpt":"L\u2019une des premi\u00e8res remarques que l\u2019on peut faire est que les plus ardents promoteurs de l\u2019informatique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole sont les constructeurs de machines, et surtout les \u00e9diteurs de logiciels. Il s\u2019agit donc de promotion corporatiste et commerciale, d\u2019habituer les familles et les futurs consommateurs \u00e0 ces produits, de capturer des\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Nouvelles de l'histoire&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Nouvelles de l'histoire","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/category\/nouvelles-de-lhistoire\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":19978,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2024\/04\/30\/lhistorienne-de-la-technologie-margaret-omara-comparelindustrie-de-lia-daujourdhui-est-elle-la-grande-entreprise-des-peaux-de-castors-du-xixe-siecle\/","url_meta":{"origin":14655,"position":1},"title":"L\u2019industrie de l\u2019IA d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui est-elle la grande entreprise des peaux de castors du XIXe si\u00e8cle ?\u2029","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"30 avril 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"L\u2019historienne de la technologie Margaret O\u2019Mara compare l\u2019industrie de l\u2019IA d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 la grande entreprise des peaux de castor. Atelier de teinture des peaux pour la pr\u00e9paration du maroquin. Source : https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fdctsevilla\/4726549905\/ Au XIXe si\u00e8cle, une abondance de castors errait en Am\u00e9rique du Nord, si nombreuses que la demande de\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;EdNum&quot;","block_context":{"text":"EdNum","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/category\/humanites-digitales\/ednum\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/4726549905_923b944699_c.jpg?fit=799%2C558&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/4726549905_923b944699_c.jpg?fit=799%2C558&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/4726549905_923b944699_c.jpg?fit=799%2C558&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/4726549905_923b944699_c.jpg?fit=799%2C558&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":15781,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2019\/02\/20\/lhistoire-secrete-des-femmes-dans-le-codage-informatique-the-new-york-times\/","url_meta":{"origin":14655,"position":2},"title":"L\u2019histoire secr\u00e8te des femmes dans le codage informatique &#8211; The New York Times","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"20 f\u00e9vrier 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Qui sait que d\u00e8s ann\u00e9es 1940 aux ann\u00e9es 1980, la place des femmes dans la programmation des ordinateurs \u00e9tait bien meilleure qu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui ? Qu\u2019est ce qui s\u2019est mal pass\u00e9 ? Le New York Times Magazine revient sur l\u2019histoire de ces femmes pionni\u00e8res de l\u2019informatique aux Etats-Unis et au Canada. Extraits.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Histoire savante&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Histoire savante","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/category\/didactique\/histoire-savante\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/17mag-coders-pics-slide-BTTD-superJumbo-v3.70512e8e9b0e421ea146b704359cb8cc.png?fit=1200%2C731&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/17mag-coders-pics-slide-BTTD-superJumbo-v3.70512e8e9b0e421ea146b704359cb8cc.png?fit=1200%2C731&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/17mag-coders-pics-slide-BTTD-superJumbo-v3.70512e8e9b0e421ea146b704359cb8cc.png?fit=1200%2C731&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/17mag-coders-pics-slide-BTTD-superJumbo-v3.70512e8e9b0e421ea146b704359cb8cc.png?fit=1200%2C731&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/17mag-coders-pics-slide-BTTD-superJumbo-v3.70512e8e9b0e421ea146b704359cb8cc.png?fit=1200%2C731&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14931,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2018\/09\/15\/richard-stallman-non-aux-logiciels-privateurs-de-liberte-epn-ressources\/","url_meta":{"origin":14655,"position":3},"title":"Richard Stallman: non aux logiciels privateurs de libert\u00e9 &#8211; EPN Ressources","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"15 septembre 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"C'est en 1983 que\u00a0Richard Stallman\u00a0lance le mouvement du logiciel libre avec le\u00a0projet GNU. Deux ans plus tard, il cr\u00e9e la\u00a0Free Software Foundation. Depuis, il parcoure le monde avec un mot d\u2019ordre: d\u00e9fendre les libert\u00e9s num\u00e9riques. Fin ao\u00fbt, il a fait un crochet \u00e0 Bruxelles \u00e0 l\u2019invitation de son vieux complice\u00a0Nicolas\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Opinions&amp;R\u00e9flexions&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Opinions&amp;R\u00e9flexions","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/category\/didactique\/opinionsreflexions\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/girl-2940655_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/girl-2940655_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/girl-2940655_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/girl-2940655_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/girl-2940655_1280.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14466,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2018\/06\/14\/que-reste-t-il-du-logiciel-libre-du-grain-a-moudre\/","url_meta":{"origin":14655,"position":4},"title":"Que reste-t-il du logiciel libre ? | Du Grain \u00e0 moudre","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"14 juin 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Microsoft vient de racheter la plateforme de cr\u00e9ation collaborative de logiciels Github. Est-ce vraiment une bonne nouvelle pour le logiciel libre ? Et quelles cons\u00e9quences pour les utilisateurs ? La philosophie du libre a-t-elle gagn\u00e9 ou s\u2019est-elle fait manger ? Une \u00e9mission de France culture. Le logiciel libre va-t-il dispara\u00eetre\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Humanit\u00e9s Digitales&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Humanit\u00e9s Digitales","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/category\/humanites-digitales\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/738_gettyimages-939133414.jpg?fit=738%2C490&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/738_gettyimages-939133414.jpg?fit=738%2C490&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/738_gettyimages-939133414.jpg?fit=738%2C490&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/738_gettyimages-939133414.jpg?fit=738%2C490&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":17575,"url":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/2020\/08\/10\/frances-allen-pionniere-de-linformatique-est-morte\/","url_meta":{"origin":14655,"position":5},"title":"Frances Allen, pionni\u00e8re de l\u2019informatique, est morte","author":"Lyonel Kaufmann","date":"10 ao\u00fbt 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Ag\u00e9e de 88\u00a0ans, elle a pass\u00e9 toute sa carri\u00e8re \u00e0 IBM, o\u00f9 elle a donn\u00e9 ses lettres de noblesse \u00e0 la compilation, un des piliers de l\u2019informatique moderne. Seriez-vous en train de lire ces lignes sans Frances Allen\u00a0? Il est permis d\u2019en douter\u00a0: cette informaticienne am\u00e9ricaine a apport\u00e9, d\u00e8s les\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;sur le web&quot;","block_context":{"text":"sur le web","link":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/category\/medias-et-technologies\/sur-le-web\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bed7332_585743254-Allen_mg_2528-c.jpg?fit=688%2C688&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bed7332_585743254-Allen_mg_2528-c.jpg?fit=688%2C688&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/bed7332_585743254-Allen_mg_2528-c.jpg?fit=688%2C688&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14655"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14655\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lyonelkaufmann.ch\/histoire\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}